read more, achlorhydria, short bowel syndrome Short Bowel Syndrome Short bowel syndrome is malabsorption resulting from extensive resection of the small bowel (usually more than two thirds the length of the small intestine). read more, Helicobacter pylori infection Helicobacter pylori Infection Helicobacter pylori is a common gastric pathogen that causes gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and low-grade gastric lymphoma. read more, atrophic gastritis Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis is an inherited autoimmune disease that attacks parietal cells, resulting in hypochlorhydria and decreased production of intrinsic factor. ![]() read more such as celiac disease Celiac Disease Celiac disease is an immunologically mediated disease in genetically susceptible people caused by intolerance to gluten, resulting in mucosal inflammation and villous atrophy, which causes malabsorption. Malabsorption can affect macronutrients (eg, proteins, carbohydrates, fats). read more or traumatic (exercise-induced) hemolysis when the amount of iron released during hemolysis exceeds the plasma haptoglobin-binding capacity.ĭecreased iron absorption can result from gastrectomy or malabsorption syndromes Overview of Malabsorption Malabsorption is inadequate assimilation of dietary substances due to defects in digestion, absorption, or transport. read more ) and chronic intravascular Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) The myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders typified by peripheral cytopenia, dysplastic hematopoietic progenitors, a hypercellular or hypocellular. Most patients present with dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis. There are numerous causes, but autoimmune disorders are most common. Less common causes include urinary blood loss, recurrent pulmonary hemorrhage (see Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is persistent or recurrent pulmonary hemorrhage. read more is a common cause in developing countries. Symptoms include rash at the site of larval entry and sometimes abdominal pain or other. Intestinal bleeding due to hookworm infection Symptoms and Signs Ancylostomiasis is infection with the hookworm Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus. In premenopausal women, cumulative menstrual blood loss (mean, 0.5 mg iron/day) is a common cause. These vessels may cause recurrent bleeding, which is rarely. read more, malignancy, hemorrhoids, or vascular ectasias Vascular Gastrointestinal Lesions Several distinct congenital or acquired syndromes involve abnormal mucosal or submucosal blood vessels in the gastrointestinal tract. In men and postmenopausal women, the most frequent cause is chronic occult bleeding, usually from the gastrointestinal tract (eg, due to peptic ulcer disease Peptic Ulcer Disease A peptic ulcer is an erosion in a segment of the gastrointestinal mucosa, typically in the stomach (gastric ulcer) or the first few centimeters of the duodenum (duodenal ulcer), that penetrates. Hence, the valence of carbon is 4.Blood loss is the major cause of iron deficiency. For example, in methane \ molecules, carbon atoms form a total of four bonds with four hydrogen atoms. Note: The valency of an atom represents the number of bonds it can form with other atoms. So the combining capacity of an element is known as its valency. ![]() To attain stability, magnesium loses two valence electrons and completes its octet. On the other hand, magnesium has two electrons. To attain stability, sodium loses one valence electron and completes its octet. For example, sodium has only one electron in its valence shell. In this way, it attains stability.įor metals, you can calculate the valence from its valence shell electronic configuration. To attain stability, oxygen gains two valence electrons and completes its octet. Similarly, oxygen has 6 valence electrons. ![]() To attain stability, chlorine gains one valence electron and completes its octet. The outermost shell is also called the valence shell. The valence electrons are the number of electrons present in the outermost shell. The combining capacity of an element is known as its valency.įor a nonmetal, you can calculate its valence by subtracting the number of valence electrons from 8. ![]() The combining capacity of an element is dependent upon the number of electrons needed by an atom to achieve stable electronic configuration. Thus, if you count the number of bonds around the central atom, you can determine its combining capacity. Hint: The combining capacity of an element will tell you the number of atoms that are bonded to the given atom.
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